1.A member of the aristocratic political faction who fought during the Middle Ages for German imperial control of Italy, in opposition to the Guelphs and the papacy.
吉拜尔中世纪拥护德国皇帝控制意大利的贵族政党成员，反对归尔甫派和教皇派
2.The papal government; the papacy.
教皇政府；教皇职权
3.Pope Urban VII died on September 27, only 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, making his reign the shortest papacy in history.
1590年9月27日，教皇乌尔班七世被选为教皇13天后逝世，成为历史上任期最短的教皇。
4.Papal diplomacy is almost as old as the papacy.
教廷外交几乎同教皇的职位一样古老。
5.A region of central Italy in the Apennines. Occupied by the Umbrians in ancient times, it later fell to the Etruscans and then the Romans(c.300 b.c.). After passing to various powers, Umbria came under the control of the papacy in the16th century and joined the kingdom of Sardinia in1860.
翁布里亚亚平宁半岛意大利中部的一个寺区。在古代被翁布里亚人占领，后来被伊特鲁利亚人，然后是罗马人（约公元前300年）占领。翁布里亚在经历很多次政权移转以后，在16世纪由教皇国控制，于1860年加入撒丁尼亚尼亚王国
6.a Roman Catholic who is a strong advocate of the papacy.
罗马教皇职位的强烈拥护者的罗马天主教徒。
7.In the 1850s he came to favour the Piedmontese monarchy, but his detestation of the papacy continued, proving more enduring than his republicanism.
在十九世纪五十年代，他参与倡导皮埃蒙特（意大利）政体，但是他仍厌恶保留罗马教廷，并且经证实这一理念相较其共和理念更为持久。
8.The Medici papacy.
美第奇教皇世系
9.As the most famous forgery in European history, Lorenzo Valla (1407～1457) wrote the Discourse on the Forgery of the Alleged Donation of Constantine in 1440,but it did not have its strong influence until 1517. It had conclusively, and embarrassingly debunked the foundation of Papacy power as a civil authority by demonstrating it to be based on fraud.
《君士坦丁伪赠礼考证》是意大利人文主义者劳伦佐·瓦拉1440年写成、1517年开始震惊世界的著作。
