1.Methods Using the search terms“bladder neoplasm”,“prognosis”,“p16”or“p21”,the literature on the correlation of p16 gene and p21 gene expression abnor- mality with the prognosis of bladder carcinoma were searched from MEDLINE database,PubMed database, CBMdisc and China Academic Periodical database,and were evaluated by Meta-analysis with Dersimonian- Laird model.
方法以“bladder carcinoma”或“bladder neoplasm”、“prognosis”、“p16”/“p21”和“膀胱癌”、“预后”等为检索词,检索Medline、PubMed、中国生物医学文献及中国学术期刊数据库有关p16基因和p21基因表达异常与膀胱癌预后的文献,应用Meta分析Dersimonian-Laird模型对这些文献进行综合定量评价。
2.The Expectation-Maximization algorithm is a popular one ,which is also called EM algorithm and introduced by Dempster ,Laird & Rubin(1977)(DLR)in a presented paper in Royal Statistics Associate. Its advantage is simplicity and stability. Especially,the log-likelihood of the observed data is guaranteed to be non-decreasing at each iteration .
Dempster，Laird和Rubin(以下简称DLR)(1977)定义了EM算法．EM算法的最大优点是简单和稳定．特别是，每一次迭代能保证观察数据对数似然是单调不减的。
3.Ken Laird is describing the organization of the Scandinavian savings bank he works for.
肯·莱尔德正在介绍他供职的斯堪的纳维亚储蓄银行的组织情况。
4.What added to the inherent power of his position and his burdens was the weakness of two key Cabinet members,Rogers and Laird.
两个关键性的内阁成员罗杰斯和莱尔德的软弱无能，又加重了基辛格原有的职权和负担。
5.Within a year, Laird and Eastman were approached with a toy license, which was followed by a cartoon television series and three live-action feature films over the course of nine years.
莱尔德和伊斯特曼在一年之内就获得了玩具许可证，而在接下来的9年中，这一许可证应用在了卡通系列片和3部动作片中。
6.Meta-analysis method vvas employed for the comprehensive quantity analysis and of contrasting results of 19 case control studies on risk factors of coronary heart diseases reported in China. All data were analysed using the Dersimonian and Nan Laird random effective model.
本文应用Meta－analysis方法对国内19个有关冠心病危险因素的病例对照研究进行了定量综合分析，运用DersimonianandNanLaird的随机效应模型处理数据。
